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<p>Accurate direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of wideband signals in complex propagation environments remains a fundamental and challenging problem. This paper presents a comparative study of six wideband DOA estimation methods–IMUSIC (Incoherent Multiple Signal Classification), TOFS (Test of Orthogonality of Frequency Subspaces), MTOFS (Modified TOFS), TOPS (Test of Orthogonality of Projected Subspaces), S-TOPS (Squared TOPS), and WAVES (Weighted Average of Signal Subspaces)–applied for the first time to 2D azimuth estimation using a Uniform Circular Array (UCA). Simulations are performed under realistic and challenging conditions, including a limited number of sensors, high noise levels, and a small number of snapshots. Performance is evaluated using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of DOA estimates as a function of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and source angular separation. The results demonstrate the robustness and high angular resolution of the advanced methods, particularly MTOFS, WAVES, and IMUSIC, applied to 2D UCAs, confirming their effectiveness for accurate source localization in complex environments.</p>

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Comparative Study of Wideband 2D Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Methods on Uniform Circular Arrays under Complex Environments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Ilham Mahiri,
  • Miloud Frikel,
  • Saïd Safi,
  • Mathieu Pouliquen

摘要

Accurate direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of wideband signals in complex propagation environments remains a fundamental and challenging problem. This paper presents a comparative study of six wideband DOA estimation methods–IMUSIC (Incoherent Multiple Signal Classification), TOFS (Test of Orthogonality of Frequency Subspaces), MTOFS (Modified TOFS), TOPS (Test of Orthogonality of Projected Subspaces), S-TOPS (Squared TOPS), and WAVES (Weighted Average of Signal Subspaces)–applied for the first time to 2D azimuth estimation using a Uniform Circular Array (UCA). Simulations are performed under realistic and challenging conditions, including a limited number of sensors, high noise levels, and a small number of snapshots. Performance is evaluated using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of DOA estimates as a function of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and source angular separation. The results demonstrate the robustness and high angular resolution of the advanced methods, particularly MTOFS, WAVES, and IMUSIC, applied to 2D UCAs, confirming their effectiveness for accurate source localization in complex environments.