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<p>To address the challenges of low robustness and low invisibility in existing blind color image watermarking algorithms for copyright protection. In this paper, a novel robust blind watermarking algorithm for color images is proposed, leveraging multiple quaternion transforms. Initially, the one-level quaternion wavelet transform (QWT) is performed on the B-channel of the original color carrier image to generate four low-frequency sub-bands, which are used to construct a quaternion matrix. Subsequently, the quaternion matrix is divided into non-overlapping quaternion blocks and subjected to the quaternion slant transform (QST). Finally, the scrambled and encrypted binary watermark is embedded into the maximum energy coefficients derived from the real parts of the quaternion coefficient matrices. To enhance the robustness of the proposed watermarking algorithm against rotation attacks, a rotation correction scheme is designed based on the quaternion polar sine transform (QPST). Numerous experiments show that the PSNR values of the watermarked carrier images without attacks are all above 43&#xa0;dB, indicating the superior invisibility of the proposed algorithm. The extracted watermarks are clear enough under various conventional, geometric, and combined attacks. The proposed algorithm improves the NC values for some attacks in comparison tests by about 3.4% on average, exhibiting excellent robustness.</p>

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Enhancing Robustness and Invisibility of Color Image Watermarking via Quaternion Transforms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月16日

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  • Shaocheng Han,
  • Zikang Zhou,
  • Rongnan Pan

摘要

To address the challenges of low robustness and low invisibility in existing blind color image watermarking algorithms for copyright protection. In this paper, a novel robust blind watermarking algorithm for color images is proposed, leveraging multiple quaternion transforms. Initially, the one-level quaternion wavelet transform (QWT) is performed on the B-channel of the original color carrier image to generate four low-frequency sub-bands, which are used to construct a quaternion matrix. Subsequently, the quaternion matrix is divided into non-overlapping quaternion blocks and subjected to the quaternion slant transform (QST). Finally, the scrambled and encrypted binary watermark is embedded into the maximum energy coefficients derived from the real parts of the quaternion coefficient matrices. To enhance the robustness of the proposed watermarking algorithm against rotation attacks, a rotation correction scheme is designed based on the quaternion polar sine transform (QPST). Numerous experiments show that the PSNR values of the watermarked carrier images without attacks are all above 43 dB, indicating the superior invisibility of the proposed algorithm. The extracted watermarks are clear enough under various conventional, geometric, and combined attacks. The proposed algorithm improves the NC values for some attacks in comparison tests by about 3.4% on average, exhibiting excellent robustness.