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<p>To ensure the copyright, integrity, and security of digital color images, we propose a blind watermarking method utilizing Discrete Hankel Transform (DHT) and Hadamard Transform. By initially encrypting the color watermark image using Lorenz chaotic mapping, we achieve maximum energy concentration in the image matrix through two-stage frequency domain transformations: DHT followed by Hadamard Transform. The watermark information is embedded and extracted at the position of maximum energy concentration using quantization index modulation. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves excellent invisibility with a PSNR value close to 40<i>dB</i> and an SSIM greater than 0.96. Under no attack, the NC value of the extracted watermark is 1. Under conventional attacks, the average NC value remains above 0.98, and under geometric attacks, it surpasses 0.96. This study not only validates the robustness and security of our proposed method but also underscores its potential in effectively protecting the copyright of color digital images.</p>

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Enhancing Robustness and Invisibility of Color Image Watermarking Through Discrete Hankel and Hadamard Transforms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月29日

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  • Ziyang Liu,
  • Xiaodong Chen,
  • Chongyu Shi,
  • Gang Wang,
  • Qingtang Su

摘要

To ensure the copyright, integrity, and security of digital color images, we propose a blind watermarking method utilizing Discrete Hankel Transform (DHT) and Hadamard Transform. By initially encrypting the color watermark image using Lorenz chaotic mapping, we achieve maximum energy concentration in the image matrix through two-stage frequency domain transformations: DHT followed by Hadamard Transform. The watermark information is embedded and extracted at the position of maximum energy concentration using quantization index modulation. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves excellent invisibility with a PSNR value close to 40dB and an SSIM greater than 0.96. Under no attack, the NC value of the extracted watermark is 1. Under conventional attacks, the average NC value remains above 0.98, and under geometric attacks, it surpasses 0.96. This study not only validates the robustness and security of our proposed method but also underscores its potential in effectively protecting the copyright of color digital images.