<p>In this paper, we prove that the three-dimensional <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2592_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>CDM model of the universe depending on the parameters <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2592_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="78" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a,b \in [1,4]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is completely integrable, providing two independent first integrals. Moreover, when <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2592_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a=b\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> we describe the dynamics of the mathematical <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2592_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>CDM model in the positive octant of <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2592_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {R}^3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The dynamics of the mathematical <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2592_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>CDM model when the parameters <i>a</i> and <i>b</i> are equal has no physical meaning because the parameter <i>a</i> can not be equal to <i>b</i>, but the knowledge of this dynamics provides some information on the dynamics of the physical <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2592_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>CDM model when the parameters <i>a</i> and <i>b</i> are close. Moreover, the dynamics of the physical <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2592_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>CDM model only has meaning in the region of the positive octant having all their coordinates greater than or equal to one.</p>

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On the dynamics of the mathematical \(\Lambda \)CDM model of the universe

  • Jaume Llibre,
  • Claudia Valls

摘要

In this paper, we prove that the three-dimensional \(\Lambda \) Λ CDM model of the universe depending on the parameters \(a,b \in [1,4]\) a , b [ 1 , 4 ] is completely integrable, providing two independent first integrals. Moreover, when \(a=b\) a = b we describe the dynamics of the mathematical \(\Lambda \) Λ CDM model in the positive octant of \(\mathbb {R}^3\) R 3 . The dynamics of the mathematical \(\Lambda \) Λ CDM model when the parameters a and b are equal has no physical meaning because the parameter a can not be equal to b, but the knowledge of this dynamics provides some information on the dynamics of the physical \(\Lambda \) Λ CDM model when the parameters a and b are close. Moreover, the dynamics of the physical \(\Lambda \) Λ CDM model only has meaning in the region of the positive octant having all their coordinates greater than or equal to one.