<p>The asymptotic behavior of the solutions of the Duffing-type equation <Equation ID="Equ63"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2540_Article_Equ63.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="432" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \ddot{y}(t)+\delta \dot{y}(t) + \big (\sigma +\varepsilon (t)\big )y(t)+y(t)^3=\mathcal {F}(t) \quad \text { for a.e. }t\ge 0, \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mi>y</mi> <mo>¨</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>δ</mi> <mover accent="true"> <mi>y</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em" stretchy="true">(</mo> </mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em" stretchy="true">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>y</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">F</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>for a.e.</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2540_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\delta \ge 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2540_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sigma &gt; 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2540_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="11" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varepsilon \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ε</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is <i>bounded</i> and <i>nonnegative</i>, is investigated. When <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2540_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {F} \equiv 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">F</mi> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, if <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2540_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="11" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varepsilon \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ε</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is infinitesimal at infinity, it is shown that both vanishing (for <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2540_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="66" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(t \rightarrow +\infty \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and unbounded solutions may exist, while this scenario dramatically changes if <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2540_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="11" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varepsilon \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ε</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is integrable on <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2540_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((0, +\infty )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This brings evidence of a high sensitivity of the response of the considered equation with respect to <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2540_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="11" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varepsilon \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ε</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In the periodically forced case, it is then shown that the attractor of the associated Poincaré map can be <i>arcwise disconnected</i>. Applications to models describing the dynamics of suspension bridges are also discussed.</p>

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Long-term dynamics of Duffing-type equations with applications to suspension bridges

  • Maurizio Garrione,
  • Filippo Gazzola,
  • Emanuele Pastorino

摘要

The asymptotic behavior of the solutions of the Duffing-type equation \( \ddot{y}(t)+\delta \dot{y}(t) + \big (\sigma +\varepsilon (t)\big )y(t)+y(t)^3=\mathcal {F}(t) \quad \text { for a.e. }t\ge 0, \) y ¨ ( t ) + δ y ˙ ( t ) + ( σ + ε ( t ) ) y ( t ) + y ( t ) 3 = F ( t ) for a.e. t 0 , where \(\delta \ge 0\) δ 0 , \(\sigma > 0\) σ > 0 and \(\varepsilon \) ε is bounded and nonnegative, is investigated. When \(\mathcal {F} \equiv 0\) F 0 , if \(\varepsilon \) ε is infinitesimal at infinity, it is shown that both vanishing (for \(t \rightarrow +\infty \) t + ) and unbounded solutions may exist, while this scenario dramatically changes if \(\varepsilon \) ε is integrable on \((0, +\infty )\) ( 0 , + ) . This brings evidence of a high sensitivity of the response of the considered equation with respect to \(\varepsilon \) ε . In the periodically forced case, it is then shown that the attractor of the associated Poincaré map can be arcwise disconnected. Applications to models describing the dynamics of suspension bridges are also discussed.