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<p>Members of the blue-green algal genus <i>Microcystis</i> are widely distributed in freshwater ecosystems and frequently dominate harmful algal blooms (HABs). They are also the most notorious producers of microcystin (MC). Numerous studies have demonstrated that nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrients are key factors controlling <i>Microcystis</i> growth and proliferation, yet the mechanisms by which these two elements drive toxic <i>Microcystis</i> bloom formation remain incompletely understood. In this review, we examine the driving factors of <i>Microcystis</i> blooms, nutrient inputs in algal bloom waters, the characteristics of nutrients, and the mechanisms of internal nutrient cycling. The phenomenon of <i>Microcystis</i> responding to N and P speciation and concentrations, and N-limited and P-limited environments in the external environment was analyzed, and the mechanisms of N and P assimilation by <i>Microcystis</i> and spp. their interrelationships were summarized. Finally, future research on <i>Microcystis</i> is proposed. Future studies should: (1) avoid experimental N and P concentrations exceeding 4.0&#xa0;mg/L and 0.4&#xa0;mg/L, respectively; (2) investigate the effects of different combinations of N and P on <i>Microcystis</i>; (3) evaluate combined effects of N and P with common lake pollutants on <i>Microcystis</i>; and (4) investigate N and P speciation and thresholds conducive to the succession from <i>Microcystis</i>-dominated blooms to beneficial phytoplankton assemblages.</p>

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Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus speciation and concentrations on Microcystis blooms in freshwater ecosystems: a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月25日

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  • Zhaolong Han,
  • Jiaqing Xiong,
  • Jiajia Zhou,
  • Zhenyao Wang,
  • Jiaxing Xu,
  • Yanzheng Liu,
  • Qionghua Zhang

摘要

Members of the blue-green algal genus Microcystis are widely distributed in freshwater ecosystems and frequently dominate harmful algal blooms (HABs). They are also the most notorious producers of microcystin (MC). Numerous studies have demonstrated that nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrients are key factors controlling Microcystis growth and proliferation, yet the mechanisms by which these two elements drive toxic Microcystis bloom formation remain incompletely understood. In this review, we examine the driving factors of Microcystis blooms, nutrient inputs in algal bloom waters, the characteristics of nutrients, and the mechanisms of internal nutrient cycling. The phenomenon of Microcystis responding to N and P speciation and concentrations, and N-limited and P-limited environments in the external environment was analyzed, and the mechanisms of N and P assimilation by Microcystis and spp. their interrelationships were summarized. Finally, future research on Microcystis is proposed. Future studies should: (1) avoid experimental N and P concentrations exceeding 4.0 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L, respectively; (2) investigate the effects of different combinations of N and P on Microcystis; (3) evaluate combined effects of N and P with common lake pollutants on Microcystis; and (4) investigate N and P speciation and thresholds conducive to the succession from Microcystis-dominated blooms to beneficial phytoplankton assemblages.