<p>Crew, Pechenik, and Spirkl [<CitationRef CitationID="CR9">9</CitationRef>] defined the <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Kromatic symmetric function</Emphasis> <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{X}_G\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>G</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> as a <i>K</i>-analogue of Stanley’s chromatic symmetric function <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X_G\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mi>G</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> [<CitationRef CitationID="CR23">23</CitationRef>], and one question they asked was how <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{X}_G\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>G</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> expands in their <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{p}_\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>λ</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> basis, which they defined as a <i>K</i>-analogue of the classic <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">power sum basis</Emphasis> <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p_\lambda .\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mi>λ</mi> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> We gave a formula in [<CitationRef CitationID="CR21">21</CitationRef>] that partially answered this question, but did not explain the combinatorial significance of the coefficients. Here, we give combinatorial descriptions for the <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{p}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-coefficients of <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{X}_G\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>G</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="50" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\omega (\overline{X}_G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>G</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, lifting the <i>p</i>-expansion of <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X_G\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mi>G</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in terms of <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">acyclic orientations</Emphasis> that was given by Bernardi and Nadeau in [<CitationRef CitationID="CR6">6</CitationRef>]. We also propose an alternative <i>K</i>-analogue <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{p}'\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of the <i>p</i>-basis that gives slightly cleaner expansion formulas. Our expansions are based on <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Lyndon heaps</Emphasis>, introduced by Lalonde [<CitationRef CitationID="CR16">16</CitationRef>], which are representatives for certain equivalence classes of acyclic orientations on clan graphs of <i>G</i>. Additionally, we show that knowing <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{X}_G\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>G</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is equivalent to knowing the multiset of independence polynomials of induced subgraphs of <i>G</i>, which gives shorter proofs of all our results from [<CitationRef CitationID="CR22">22</CitationRef>] that <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{X}_G\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>G</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> can be used to determine the number of copies in <i>G</i> of certain induced subgraphs. We also give power sum expansions for the <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Kromatic quasisymmetric function</Emphasis> <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="26_2025_785_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\overline{X}_G(q)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mi>G</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> defined by Marberg in [<CitationRef CitationID="CR18">18</CitationRef>] in the case where <i>G</i> is the incomparability graph of a unit interval order.</p>

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Power Sum Expansions for Kromatic Symmetric Functions Using Lyndon Heaps

  • Laura Pierson

摘要

Crew, Pechenik, and Spirkl [9] defined the Kromatic symmetric function \(\overline{X}_G\) X ¯ G as a K-analogue of Stanley’s chromatic symmetric function \(X_G\) X G [23], and one question they asked was how \(\overline{X}_G\) X ¯ G expands in their \(\overline{p}_\lambda \) p ¯ λ basis, which they defined as a K-analogue of the classic power sum basis \(p_\lambda .\) p λ . We gave a formula in [21] that partially answered this question, but did not explain the combinatorial significance of the coefficients. Here, we give combinatorial descriptions for the \(\overline{p}\) p ¯ -coefficients of \(\overline{X}_G\) X ¯ G and \(\omega (\overline{X}_G)\) ω ( X ¯ G ) , lifting the p-expansion of \(X_G\) X G in terms of acyclic orientations that was given by Bernardi and Nadeau in [6]. We also propose an alternative K-analogue \(\overline{p}'\) p ¯ of the p-basis that gives slightly cleaner expansion formulas. Our expansions are based on Lyndon heaps, introduced by Lalonde [16], which are representatives for certain equivalence classes of acyclic orientations on clan graphs of G. Additionally, we show that knowing \(\overline{X}_G\) X ¯ G is equivalent to knowing the multiset of independence polynomials of induced subgraphs of G, which gives shorter proofs of all our results from [22] that \(\overline{X}_G\) X ¯ G can be used to determine the number of copies in G of certain induced subgraphs. We also give power sum expansions for the Kromatic quasisymmetric function \(\overline{X}_G(q)\) X ¯ G ( q ) defined by Marberg in [18] in the case where G is the incomparability graph of a unit interval order.