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<p>This study quantifies how topographic features influence lightning activity in the São Francisco River Basin, Brazil, filling a critical gap by establishing previously unavailable thresholds. A 16-year climatology (1998–2013) was developed using LIS/TRMM lightning data, ASTER GDEM topography, CHIRPS precipitation, and MapBiomas land use, all standardized to a 0.1° grid. The analysis integrates elevation, slope, aspect, and land use with lightning flash rate density (FRD) and precipitation. Results show a non-linear response of lightning to topography, with a 261.7% increase in FRD above 517.14&#xa0;m during the dry season, and additional thresholds of 45.4% above 601.96&#xa0;m (spring) and 24.9% above 583.14&#xa0;m (summer). Lightning hotspots range from 29.2 to 39.9 flashes km<sup>–2</sup>&#xa0;yr<sup>–1</sup>, with the maximum value recorded in São Desidério (BA), concentrated in the Western Bahia Plateau (Cluster 04). A seasonal shift is identified, with large-scale thermodynamics dominating in the wet season and topographic forcing controlling lightning activity in the dry season. Ultimately, this study establishes a robust quantitative framework for the terrain–lightning relationship, highlighting zones of elevated risk for expanding agricultural activities in the basin.</p>

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Lightning Behavior and Its Relationship with Topography, Precipitation, and Land Use in the São Francisco River Basin

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Samuel Amorim Silva,
  • Weber Andrade Gonçalves,
  • Lizando Pereira de Abreu,
  • Douglas Leonardo Sales Pedrosa,
  • Evandro Moimaz Anselmo,
  • Enrique Vieira Mattos,
  • Moisés Elias Nascimento Rufino da Costa,
  • Glenda Yasmin Pereira de Carvalho,
  • Bruno Felipe Moreira Lima,
  • Daniele Tôrres Rodrigues,
  • Vitória Régia Silva de Souza,
  • Thiago Gonçalves da Silva

摘要

This study quantifies how topographic features influence lightning activity in the São Francisco River Basin, Brazil, filling a critical gap by establishing previously unavailable thresholds. A 16-year climatology (1998–2013) was developed using LIS/TRMM lightning data, ASTER GDEM topography, CHIRPS precipitation, and MapBiomas land use, all standardized to a 0.1° grid. The analysis integrates elevation, slope, aspect, and land use with lightning flash rate density (FRD) and precipitation. Results show a non-linear response of lightning to topography, with a 261.7% increase in FRD above 517.14 m during the dry season, and additional thresholds of 45.4% above 601.96 m (spring) and 24.9% above 583.14 m (summer). Lightning hotspots range from 29.2 to 39.9 flashes km–2 yr–1, with the maximum value recorded in São Desidério (BA), concentrated in the Western Bahia Plateau (Cluster 04). A seasonal shift is identified, with large-scale thermodynamics dominating in the wet season and topographic forcing controlling lightning activity in the dry season. Ultimately, this study establishes a robust quantitative framework for the terrain–lightning relationship, highlighting zones of elevated risk for expanding agricultural activities in the basin.