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<p>Earthquakes are significantly influenced by fluid pressure which largely depend on the fault hydraulic connectivity, and however, the effect of hydraulic conditions remains poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a series of stick–slip (laboratory-earthquake) experiments under three fault hydraulic conditions connected incompletely, locally or uniformly with a water-saturated environment at different fluid pressures, using various loading rates. The main findings include: (1) The shear stress drop of stick–slip events decreases with the increase of the fluid pressure, which is accordant with the theoretical expectation. (2) Shear stress drop shows little association with the fault hydraulic connectivity, which implies that shear stress drop is independent of fluid pressure distribution along the fault plane. (3) For comparison, the pattern of rupture propagation under room-dry condition was also obtained, and the corresponding rupture patterns for the three fault hydraulic connectivity types are generally similar. (4) Rupture pattern of laboratory-earthquake under water-saturated environment with different fluid pressure is strongly affected by the fault’s hydraulic connectivity. Even, the rupture patterns can alter from bilateral to unilateral propagation. This means that the rupture pattern strongly depends on the distribution of effective normal stress along the fault plane. In short, our findings provide insights into the role of hydraulic connectivity in modulating the interplay between fluid pressure, loading rate, and fault instability.</p>

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Experiments on Stress Drop and Rupture Evolution of Laboratory Earthquake Under Water-Saturated Environment with Different Fluid Pressure

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • Lili Lu,
  • Shunyun Chen,
  • Yanqun Zhuo,
  • Hao Chen,
  • Zihong Li,
  • Qiongying Liu

摘要

Earthquakes are significantly influenced by fluid pressure which largely depend on the fault hydraulic connectivity, and however, the effect of hydraulic conditions remains poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a series of stick–slip (laboratory-earthquake) experiments under three fault hydraulic conditions connected incompletely, locally or uniformly with a water-saturated environment at different fluid pressures, using various loading rates. The main findings include: (1) The shear stress drop of stick–slip events decreases with the increase of the fluid pressure, which is accordant with the theoretical expectation. (2) Shear stress drop shows little association with the fault hydraulic connectivity, which implies that shear stress drop is independent of fluid pressure distribution along the fault plane. (3) For comparison, the pattern of rupture propagation under room-dry condition was also obtained, and the corresponding rupture patterns for the three fault hydraulic connectivity types are generally similar. (4) Rupture pattern of laboratory-earthquake under water-saturated environment with different fluid pressure is strongly affected by the fault’s hydraulic connectivity. Even, the rupture patterns can alter from bilateral to unilateral propagation. This means that the rupture pattern strongly depends on the distribution of effective normal stress along the fault plane. In short, our findings provide insights into the role of hydraulic connectivity in modulating the interplay between fluid pressure, loading rate, and fault instability.