<p>The Reissner–Weyl–Nordström (RWN) spacetime of a point nucleus features a naked singularity for the empirically known nuclear charges <i>Ze</i> and masses <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M = A(Z,N)m_{\textrm{p}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mtext>p</mtext> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_{\textrm{p}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mtext>p</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the proton mass and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A(Z,N)\approx Z+N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≈</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> the atomic mass number, with <i>Z</i> the number of protons and <i>N</i> the number of neutrons in the nucleus. The Dirac Hamiltonian for a test electron with mass <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_{\textrm{e}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mtext>e</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, charge <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-\,e\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and anomalous magnetic moment <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu _a (\approx -\, \frac{1}{4\pi }\frac{e^3}{m_{\textrm{e}}c^2})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>a</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>≈</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msup> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mtext>e</mtext> </msub> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in the electrostatic RWN spacetime of such a “naked point nucleus” is known to be essentially self-adjoint, with a spectrum that consists of the union of the essential spectrum <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((-\,\infty ,-\,m_{\textrm{e}}c^2]\cup [m_{\textrm{e}}c^2, \infty )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>∞</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mtext>e</mtext> </msub> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mo>∪</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mtext>e</mtext> </msub> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and a discrete spectrum of infinitely many eigenvalues in the gap <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((-\,m_{\textrm{e}}c^2,m_{\textrm{e}}c^2)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mtext>e</mtext> </msub> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mtext>e</mtext> </msub> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, having <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_{\textrm{e}}c^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mtext>e</mtext> </msub> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> as accumulation point. In this paper, the discrete spectrum is characterized in detail for the first time, for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Z\le 45\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>45</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <i>A</i> that cover all known isotopes. The eigenvalues are mapped one-to-one to those of the traditional Dirac hydrogen spectrum. Numerical evaluations that go beyond <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Z=45\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>45</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> into the realm of not-yet-produced hydrogenic ions are presented, too. A list of challenging open problems concludes this publication.</p>

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On the Discrete Dirac Spectrum of General-Relativistic Hydrogenic Ions with Anomalous Magnetic Moment

  • E. B. Kapengut,
  • M. K.-H. Kiessling,
  • E. Ling,
  • A. S. Tahvildar-Zadeh

摘要

The Reissner–Weyl–Nordström (RWN) spacetime of a point nucleus features a naked singularity for the empirically known nuclear charges Ze and masses \(M = A(Z,N)m_{\textrm{p}}\) M = A ( Z , N ) m p , where \(m_{\textrm{p}}\) m p is the proton mass and \(A(Z,N)\approx Z+N\) A ( Z , N ) Z + N the atomic mass number, with Z the number of protons and N the number of neutrons in the nucleus. The Dirac Hamiltonian for a test electron with mass \(m_{\textrm{e}}\) m e , charge \(-\,e\) - e , and anomalous magnetic moment \(\mu _a (\approx -\, \frac{1}{4\pi }\frac{e^3}{m_{\textrm{e}}c^2})\) μ a ( - 1 4 π e 3 m e c 2 ) in the electrostatic RWN spacetime of such a “naked point nucleus” is known to be essentially self-adjoint, with a spectrum that consists of the union of the essential spectrum \((-\,\infty ,-\,m_{\textrm{e}}c^2]\cup [m_{\textrm{e}}c^2, \infty )\) ( - , - m e c 2 ] [ m e c 2 , ) and a discrete spectrum of infinitely many eigenvalues in the gap \((-\,m_{\textrm{e}}c^2,m_{\textrm{e}}c^2)\) ( - m e c 2 , m e c 2 ) , having \(m_{\textrm{e}}c^2\) m e c 2 as accumulation point. In this paper, the discrete spectrum is characterized in detail for the first time, for all \(Z\le 45\) Z 45 and A that cover all known isotopes. The eigenvalues are mapped one-to-one to those of the traditional Dirac hydrogen spectrum. Numerical evaluations that go beyond \(Z=45\) Z = 45 into the realm of not-yet-produced hydrogenic ions are presented, too. A list of challenging open problems concludes this publication.