<p>In this paper, we introduce and study a new geometric constant <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D_\varepsilon (X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mi>ε</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varepsilon \in [0,1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) to measure the difference between approximate isosceles orthogonality and approximate Birkhoff-James orthogonality in real normed linear spaces <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((X,\Vert \cdot \Vert )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mo>·</mo> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. A characterization of inner product spaces is provided in terms of the constant <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D_\varepsilon (X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mi>ε</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. From the inequality concerning approximate isosceles orthogonality, we obtain both lower and upper bounds for <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D_\varepsilon (X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mi>ε</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. More precisely, we show that <Equation ID="Equ22"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \varepsilon +2(\sqrt{2(1-\varepsilon )}-1)\le D_\varepsilon (X)\le 1 \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msqrt> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>ε</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msqrt> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mi>ε</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varepsilon \in (0,2(\sqrt{2}-1))\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We further demonstrate that the derived lower bound for <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D_\varepsilon (X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mi>ε</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is sharp.</p>

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A geometric constant for quantifying the differences between approximate orthogonality types

  • Mahdi Dehghani

摘要

In this paper, we introduce and study a new geometric constant \(D_\varepsilon (X)\) D ε ( X ) ( \(\varepsilon \in [0,1)\) ε [ 0 , 1 ) ) to measure the difference between approximate isosceles orthogonality and approximate Birkhoff-James orthogonality in real normed linear spaces \((X,\Vert \cdot \Vert )\) ( X , · ) . A characterization of inner product spaces is provided in terms of the constant \(D_\varepsilon (X)\) D ε ( X ) . From the inequality concerning approximate isosceles orthogonality, we obtain both lower and upper bounds for \(D_\varepsilon (X)\) D ε ( X ) . More precisely, we show that \(\begin{aligned} \varepsilon +2(\sqrt{2(1-\varepsilon )}-1)\le D_\varepsilon (X)\le 1 \end{aligned}\) ε + 2 ( 2 ( 1 - ε ) - 1 ) D ε ( X ) 1 for all \(\varepsilon \in (0,2(\sqrt{2}-1))\) ε ( 0 , 2 ( 2 - 1 ) ) . We further demonstrate that the derived lower bound for \(D_\varepsilon (X)\) D ε ( X ) is sharp.