<p>Let <i>G</i> be a group with identity <i>e</i>, <i>H</i> an abelian group written additively, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varphi :G\rightarrow G\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> an endomorphism. We study solutions <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f:G\rightarrow H\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of the reflected Jensen equation, <Equation ID="Equ10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( f\big (x\,\varphi (y)\big )+f\big (\varphi (y)^{-1}\,x\big )=2f(x), \qquad f(e)=0, \qquad (\forall x,y \in G). \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em" stretchy="true">(</mo> </mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em" stretchy="true">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em" stretchy="true">(</mo> </mrow> <mi>φ</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em" stretchy="true">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>∀</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>Writing <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u=\varphi (y)\in \textrm{Im}\,\varphi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>φ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∈</mo> <mtext>Im</mtext> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>φ</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, this becomes <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f(xu)+f(u^{-1}x)=2f(x)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x\in G\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u\in \textrm{Im}\,\varphi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mtext>Im</mtext> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>φ</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In contrast to the classical Jensen equation <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f(xy)+f(xy-1) = 2f(x)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mi>y</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the reflected endomorphism variant considered here exhibits a strong torsion-connement phenomenon. Our main result identifies a precise torsion obstruction in a purely elementary way. If <Equation ID="Equ11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( K:=\langle \textrm{Im}\,\varphi \cap J(G)\rangle , \qquad H[4]:=\{h\in H:4h=0\}, \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mtext>Im</mtext> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>∩</mo> <mi>J</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>h</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>then every solution satisfies the stronger right <i>K</i>-invariance modulo <i>H</i>[4]: <Equation ID="Equ12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( f(x)-f(xk)\in H[4]\qquad (\forall x\in G,\ \forall k\in K). \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>∀</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mo>∀</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>In particular, taking <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x=e\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> yields the torsion confinement <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f(K)\subseteq H[4]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Consequently, if <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varphi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>φ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is surjective, <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G=\langle J(G)\rangle \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mi>J</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (e.g. Coxeter and dihedral groups), and <i>H</i> is 2-torsion-free, then <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H[4]=\{0\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and hence <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f\equiv 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on <i>G</i>. Finally, we give an explicit example on the dihedral group of order 8 with values in <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {Z}_4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mn>4</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> showing that the exponent 4 is sharp: the confinement cannot, in general, be improved to <i>H</i>[2].</p>

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A Note on Torsion Confinement and Sharpness for a Reflected Jensen Functional Equation on Groups

  • Đặng Võ Phúc

摘要

Let G be a group with identity e, H an abelian group written additively, and \(\varphi :G\rightarrow G\) φ : G G an endomorphism. We study solutions \(f:G\rightarrow H\) f : G H of the reflected Jensen equation, \( f\big (x\,\varphi (y)\big )+f\big (\varphi (y)^{-1}\,x\big )=2f(x), \qquad f(e)=0, \qquad (\forall x,y \in G). \) f ( x φ ( y ) ) + f ( φ ( y ) - 1 x ) = 2 f ( x ) , f ( e ) = 0 , ( x , y G ) . Writing \(u=\varphi (y)\in \textrm{Im}\,\varphi \) u = φ ( y ) Im φ , this becomes \(f(xu)+f(u^{-1}x)=2f(x)\) f ( x u ) + f ( u - 1 x ) = 2 f ( x ) for all \(x\in G\) x G and \(u\in \textrm{Im}\,\varphi \) u Im φ . In contrast to the classical Jensen equation \(f(xy)+f(xy-1) = 2f(x)\) f ( x y ) + f ( x y - 1 ) = 2 f ( x ) , the reflected endomorphism variant considered here exhibits a strong torsion-connement phenomenon. Our main result identifies a precise torsion obstruction in a purely elementary way. If \( K:=\langle \textrm{Im}\,\varphi \cap J(G)\rangle , \qquad H[4]:=\{h\in H:4h=0\}, \) K : = Im φ J ( G ) , H [ 4 ] : = { h H : 4 h = 0 } , then every solution satisfies the stronger right K-invariance modulo H[4]: \( f(x)-f(xk)\in H[4]\qquad (\forall x\in G,\ \forall k\in K). \) f ( x ) - f ( x k ) H [ 4 ] ( x G , k K ) . In particular, taking \(x=e\) x = e yields the torsion confinement \(f(K)\subseteq H[4]\) f ( K ) H [ 4 ] . Consequently, if \(\varphi \) φ is surjective, \(G=\langle J(G)\rangle \) G = J ( G ) (e.g. Coxeter and dihedral groups), and H is 2-torsion-free, then \(H[4]=\{0\}\) H [ 4 ] = { 0 } and hence \(f\equiv 0\) f 0 on G. Finally, we give an explicit example on the dihedral group of order 8 with values in \(\mathbb {Z}_4\) Z 4 showing that the exponent 4 is sharp: the confinement cannot, in general, be improved to H[2].