<p>Let <i>G</i> be a unital semigroup, <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1155_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((K, +)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> an Abelian group. We extend to this case results of several authors on functions <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1155_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="84" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f: G\rightarrow K\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>K</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> satisfying the equations <Equation ID="Equ13"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1155_Article_Equ13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="48" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="299" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} f(x_1x_2\ldots x_n) = \sum _{i=1}^n F_i(x_1, \ldots ,\widehat{x_i}, \ldots ,x_n) \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>…</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </munderover> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mover accent="true"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="true">^</mo> </mover> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>and <Equation ID="Equ14"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1155_Article_Equ14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="56" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="229" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \sum _{k=0}^n(-1)^{k}\sum _{|S|=n-k}f \left( \prod _Sx \right) = 0. \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </munderover> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> </msup> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munder> <mi>f</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <munder> <mo>∏</mo> <mi>S</mi> </munder> <mi>x</mi> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>We also study a more general class of equations: <Equation ID="Equ15"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1155_Article_Equ15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="55" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="395" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} f(x_1x_2\ldots x_n) = \sum _{i=1}^n \sum _{j=1}^{J_i}p_{ij}(x_i)(F_{ij}(x_1,\ldots ,\widehat{x_i}, \ldots , x_n)), \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>…</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </munderover> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <msub> <mi>J</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </munderover> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">ij</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">ij</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mover accent="true"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="true">^</mo> </mover> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where all <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1155_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p_{ij}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">ij</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are polynomial maps from <i>G</i> to the group of all endomorphisms of <i>K</i>.</p>

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On and around the balanced Cauchy equation

  • Ekaterina Shulman

摘要

Let G be a unital semigroup, \((K, +)\) ( K , + ) an Abelian group. We extend to this case results of several authors on functions \(f: G\rightarrow K\) f : G K satisfying the equations \(\begin{aligned} f(x_1x_2\ldots x_n) = \sum _{i=1}^n F_i(x_1, \ldots ,\widehat{x_i}, \ldots ,x_n) \end{aligned}\) f ( x 1 x 2 x n ) = i = 1 n F i ( x 1 , , x i ^ , , x n ) and \(\begin{aligned} \sum _{k=0}^n(-1)^{k}\sum _{|S|=n-k}f \left( \prod _Sx \right) = 0. \end{aligned}\) k = 0 n ( - 1 ) k | S | = n - k f S x = 0 . We also study a more general class of equations: \(\begin{aligned} f(x_1x_2\ldots x_n) = \sum _{i=1}^n \sum _{j=1}^{J_i}p_{ij}(x_i)(F_{ij}(x_1,\ldots ,\widehat{x_i}, \ldots , x_n)), \end{aligned}\) f ( x 1 x 2 x n ) = i = 1 n j = 1 J i p ij ( x i ) ( F ij ( x 1 , , x i ^ , , x n ) ) , where all \(p_{ij}\) p ij are polynomial maps from G to the group of all endomorphisms of K.