<p>In this paper, we investigate the arithmetic properties of the difference between the number of partitions of a positive integer <i>n</i> with even crank and those with odd crank, denoted <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="9_2025_2955_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="156" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C(n) = c_e(n) - c_o(n).\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mi>e</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mi>o</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> Inspired by Ramanujan’s classical congruences for the partition function <i>p</i>(<i>n</i>),&#xa0; we establish a Ramanujan-type congruence for <i>C</i>(<i>n</i>),&#xa0; proving that <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="9_2025_2955_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="173" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C(5n+4) \equiv 0 \pmod {5}.\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="4.44443pt" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>mod</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mn>5</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> Further, we study the generating function <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="9_2025_2955_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="30" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="168" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sum _{n=0}^\infty a(n)\, q^n = \frac{(-q; q)^2_\infty }{(q; q)_\infty },\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mi>∞</mi> </msubsup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>;</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>∞</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>;</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>∞</mi> </msub> </mfrac> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> which arises naturally in this context, and provide multiple combinatorial interpretations for the sequence <i>a</i>(<i>n</i>). We then offer a complete characterization of the values <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="9_2025_2955_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="100" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a(n) \mod 2^m\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mo>mod</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mi>m</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="9_2025_2955_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="98" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m = 1, 2, 3, 4,\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> highlighting their connection to generalized pentagonal numbers. Using computational methods and modular forms, we also derive new identities and congruences, including <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="9_2025_2955_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="169" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a(7n+2) \equiv 0 \pmod {7},\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="4.44443pt" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>mod</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mn>7</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> expanding the scope of partition congruences in arithmetic progressions. These results build upon classical techniques and recent computational advances, revealing deep combinatorial and modular structure within partition functions.</p>

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From Crank to Congruences

  • Tewodros Amdeberhan,
  • Mircea Merca

摘要

In this paper, we investigate the arithmetic properties of the difference between the number of partitions of a positive integer n with even crank and those with odd crank, denoted \(C(n) = c_e(n) - c_o(n).\) C ( n ) = c e ( n ) - c o ( n ) . Inspired by Ramanujan’s classical congruences for the partition function p(n),  we establish a Ramanujan-type congruence for C(n),  proving that \(C(5n+4) \equiv 0 \pmod {5}.\) C ( 5 n + 4 ) 0 ( mod 5 ) . Further, we study the generating function \(\sum _{n=0}^\infty a(n)\, q^n = \frac{(-q; q)^2_\infty }{(q; q)_\infty },\) n = 0 a ( n ) q n = ( - q ; q ) 2 ( q ; q ) , which arises naturally in this context, and provide multiple combinatorial interpretations for the sequence a(n). We then offer a complete characterization of the values \(a(n) \mod 2^m\) a ( n ) mod 2 m for \(m = 1, 2, 3, 4,\) m = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , highlighting their connection to generalized pentagonal numbers. Using computational methods and modular forms, we also derive new identities and congruences, including \(a(7n+2) \equiv 0 \pmod {7},\) a ( 7 n + 2 ) 0 ( mod 7 ) , expanding the scope of partition congruences in arithmetic progressions. These results build upon classical techniques and recent computational advances, revealing deep combinatorial and modular structure within partition functions.