<p>It is easier to investigate phenomena in particle physics geometrically by exploring a real solution to the Dirac–Hestenes equation instead of a complex solution to the Dirac equation. The current research presents a formulation of the multidimensional Dirac–Hestenes equation. Since the matrix representation of the complexified (Clifford) geometric algebra <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="6_2025_1382_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="70" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {C}\otimes C \hspace{-1.00006pt}\ell _{1,n}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> <mo>⊗</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mspace width="-1.00006pt" /> <msub> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> depends on the parity of <i>n</i>, we examine even and odd cases separately. In the geometric algebra <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="6_2025_1382_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="36" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C \hspace{-1.00006pt}\ell _{1,3}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mspace width="-1.00006pt" /> <msub> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, there is a lemma on a unique decomposition of an element of the minimal left ideal into the product of the idempotent and an element of the real even subalgebra. The lemma is used to construct the four-dimensional Dirac–Hestenes equation. The analogous lemma is not valid in the multidimensional case, since the dimension of the real even subalgebra of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="6_2025_1382_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C \hspace{-1.00006pt}\ell _{1,n}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mspace width="-1.00006pt" /> <msub> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is bigger than the dimension of the minimal left ideal for <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="6_2025_1382_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n&gt;4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Hence, we consider the auxiliary real subalgebra of <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="6_2025_1382_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C \hspace{-1.00006pt}\ell _{1,n}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mspace width="-1.00006pt" /> <msub> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to prove a similar statement. We present the multidimensional Dirac–Hestenes equation in <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="6_2025_1382_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C \hspace{-1.00006pt}\ell _{1,n}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mspace width="-1.00006pt" /> <msub> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We prove that one might obtain a solution to the multidimensional Dirac–Hestenes equation using a solution to the multidimensional Dirac equation and vice versa. We also show that the multidimensional Dirac–Hestenes equation has gauge invariance.</p>

错误:搜索内容不能为空,请输入英文关键词
错误:关键词超出字数限制,请精简
高级检索

Introducing Multidimensional Dirac–Hestenes Equation

  • Sofia Rumyantseva,
  • Dmitry Shirokov

摘要

It is easier to investigate phenomena in particle physics geometrically by exploring a real solution to the Dirac–Hestenes equation instead of a complex solution to the Dirac equation. The current research presents a formulation of the multidimensional Dirac–Hestenes equation. Since the matrix representation of the complexified (Clifford) geometric algebra \(\mathbb {C}\otimes C \hspace{-1.00006pt}\ell _{1,n}\) C C 1 , n depends on the parity of n, we examine even and odd cases separately. In the geometric algebra \(C \hspace{-1.00006pt}\ell _{1,3}\) C 1 , 3 , there is a lemma on a unique decomposition of an element of the minimal left ideal into the product of the idempotent and an element of the real even subalgebra. The lemma is used to construct the four-dimensional Dirac–Hestenes equation. The analogous lemma is not valid in the multidimensional case, since the dimension of the real even subalgebra of \(C \hspace{-1.00006pt}\ell _{1,n}\) C 1 , n is bigger than the dimension of the minimal left ideal for \(n>4\) n > 4 . Hence, we consider the auxiliary real subalgebra of \(C \hspace{-1.00006pt}\ell _{1,n}\) C 1 , n to prove a similar statement. We present the multidimensional Dirac–Hestenes equation in \(C \hspace{-1.00006pt}\ell _{1,n}\) C 1 , n . We prove that one might obtain a solution to the multidimensional Dirac–Hestenes equation using a solution to the multidimensional Dirac equation and vice versa. We also show that the multidimensional Dirac–Hestenes equation has gauge invariance.