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<p>The rising production and consumption of eggs, coupled with the increased movement of people, birds, and feed, have heightened the threat of <i>Salmonella</i> infections in several countries, including India. This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> in poultry eggs (surface and content) and feces (cloacal, caecal, and fecal swabs) in India using meta-analytical methods. Analysis revealed that out of 5,050 samples processed across the included studies, the pooled prevalence of non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> was 4.4%. Both Egger’s regression asymmetry test (<i>p</i> value = 0.343) and the funnel plot indicated no evidence of publication bias or small-study effects. Subgroup meta-analysis found a significantly higher occurrence of <i>Salmonella</i> in feces (8%) compared to egg surface (4%) and egg content (2%) samples. <i>S</i>. Typhimurium was the dominant serovar (70/218), followed by <i>S</i>. Enteritidis (56/218). Other major serovars included <i>S</i>. Worthington, <i>S</i>. Bareilly, <i>S</i>. Gallinarum, and <i>S</i>. Dublin. While all the studies employed serotyping for identification, 7 also used PCR, with 3 of these targeting fimbrial genes for serotype detection. Most non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> serovars possess zoonotic potential and pose a significant risk to public health. Implementing safety measures at poultry farms, egg processing facilities, and retail outlets—alongside educating roadside vendors and consumers—could substantially reduce the risk of <i>Salmonella</i> transmission to humans.</p>

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Meta-analysis of the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) in layer poultry eggs and feces in India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月7日

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  • Kushal Grakh,
  • Vijay Jayawant Jadhav,
  • Vinay Ganeshrao Joshi,
  • Rajesh Khurana,
  • Naresh Jindal

摘要

The rising production and consumption of eggs, coupled with the increased movement of people, birds, and feed, have heightened the threat of Salmonella infections in several countries, including India. This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in poultry eggs (surface and content) and feces (cloacal, caecal, and fecal swabs) in India using meta-analytical methods. Analysis revealed that out of 5,050 samples processed across the included studies, the pooled prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella was 4.4%. Both Egger’s regression asymmetry test (p value = 0.343) and the funnel plot indicated no evidence of publication bias or small-study effects. Subgroup meta-analysis found a significantly higher occurrence of Salmonella in feces (8%) compared to egg surface (4%) and egg content (2%) samples. S. Typhimurium was the dominant serovar (70/218), followed by S. Enteritidis (56/218). Other major serovars included S. Worthington, S. Bareilly, S. Gallinarum, and S. Dublin. While all the studies employed serotyping for identification, 7 also used PCR, with 3 of these targeting fimbrial genes for serotype detection. Most non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars possess zoonotic potential and pose a significant risk to public health. Implementing safety measures at poultry farms, egg processing facilities, and retail outlets—alongside educating roadside vendors and consumers—could substantially reduce the risk of Salmonella transmission to humans.