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<p>We study a dark gauge boson <i>Z′</i> that exclusively couples to the QCD gluons through higher dimensional operators. These operators are generated from integrating out of heavy ultraviolet resonances carrying both QCD and dark gauge charges. With <i>SU</i>(3)<sub><i>C</i></sub> gauge invariance, charge and parity symmetries preserved, we find that the leading effective operators are restricted to have the form of <i>Z′GGG</i> and <i>Z′Z′GG</i> at dimension-eight, which can naturally render the <i>Z′</i> particle long-lived, and serve as a viable dark matter candidate. We investigate the phenomenology of these operators with both collider experiments and cosmological observation, without and with the assumption that this dark gauge boson plays the role of the dominant dark matter component. For an unstable <i>Z′</i>, we show that depending on its lifetime, it can be probed by various observables up to ultraviolet physics scale around 10<sup>9</sup> GeV. For <i>Z′</i> being dark matter, we find that <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="inline"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </msub> <mo>≳</mo> <mn>1</mn> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( {m}_{Z^{\prime }}\gtrsim 1 \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> TeV is consistent with the thermal freeze-out scenario. In contrast, in the freeze-in scenario, the extremely small couplings leave the relevant parameter space largely unconstrained by current experiments.</p>

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Heavy long-lived dark vector via a gluonic portal

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Xiaoyong Chu,
  • Qiyuan Gao,
  • Hongkai Liu,
  • Teng Ma,
  • Chengjie Yang

摘要

We study a dark gauge boson Z′ that exclusively couples to the QCD gluons through higher dimensional operators. These operators are generated from integrating out of heavy ultraviolet resonances carrying both QCD and dark gauge charges. With SU(3)C gauge invariance, charge and parity symmetries preserved, we find that the leading effective operators are restricted to have the form of Z′GGG and Z′Z′GG at dimension-eight, which can naturally render the Z′ particle long-lived, and serve as a viable dark matter candidate. We investigate the phenomenology of these operators with both collider experiments and cosmological observation, without and with the assumption that this dark gauge boson plays the role of the dominant dark matter component. For an unstable Z′, we show that depending on its lifetime, it can be probed by various observables up to ultraviolet physics scale around 109 GeV. For Z′ being dark matter, we find that m Z ′ ≳ 1 \( {m}_{Z^{\prime }}\gtrsim 1 \) TeV is consistent with the thermal freeze-out scenario. In contrast, in the freeze-in scenario, the extremely small couplings leave the relevant parameter space largely unconstrained by current experiments.