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<p>Atmospheric neutrinos probe the interior of Earth using weak interactions, and provide information complementary to that of gravitational and seismic measurements. While passing through Earth, multi-GeV neutrinos encounter matter effects due to the coherent forward scattering with ambient electrons, which alter the neutrino oscillation probabilities. These matter effects depend upon the density distribution of electrons inside Earth, and hence, can be used to determine the internal structure of Earth. In this work, we employ a five-layered model of Earth where the layer densities and radii are modified, keeping the mass and moment of inertia of Earth unchanged and respecting the hydrostatic equilibrium condition. We use the proposed INO-ICAL detector as an example of an atmospheric neutrino experiment that can distinguish between neutrinos and antineutrinos efficiently in the multi-GeV energy range. Our analyses demonstrate that such an experiment can simultaneously constrain density jumps inside Earth and locate the core-mantle boundary. The charge identification (CID) capability of the ICAL detector would play a crucial role in obtaining these correlated constraints. An ICAL-like detector without CID capability would also be able to perform this task, albeit with a reduced sensitivity.</p>

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Constraining the core radius and density jumps inside Earth using atmospheric neutrino oscillations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Anuj Kumar Upadhyay,
  • Anil Kumar,
  • Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla,
  • Amol Dighe

摘要

Atmospheric neutrinos probe the interior of Earth using weak interactions, and provide information complementary to that of gravitational and seismic measurements. While passing through Earth, multi-GeV neutrinos encounter matter effects due to the coherent forward scattering with ambient electrons, which alter the neutrino oscillation probabilities. These matter effects depend upon the density distribution of electrons inside Earth, and hence, can be used to determine the internal structure of Earth. In this work, we employ a five-layered model of Earth where the layer densities and radii are modified, keeping the mass and moment of inertia of Earth unchanged and respecting the hydrostatic equilibrium condition. We use the proposed INO-ICAL detector as an example of an atmospheric neutrino experiment that can distinguish between neutrinos and antineutrinos efficiently in the multi-GeV energy range. Our analyses demonstrate that such an experiment can simultaneously constrain density jumps inside Earth and locate the core-mantle boundary. The charge identification (CID) capability of the ICAL detector would play a crucial role in obtaining these correlated constraints. An ICAL-like detector without CID capability would also be able to perform this task, albeit with a reduced sensitivity.