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<p>We revisit the electroweak crossover of the Standard Model (SM) in the early Universe, focusing on the interplay between generalized global symmetries, magnetic flux dynamics, and baryogenesis. Employing the dimensionally reduced 3d effective field theory of the SM at high temperature, we identify the symmetry structure — including higher-form and magnetic symmetries — and analyze their spontaneous breaking patterns across the crossover. We further define a gauge-invariant mixing angle that interpolates between U(1)<sub><i>Y</i></sub> and U(1)<sub>em</sub> magnetic fields. Based on this framework, we examine baryogenesis via decaying magnetic helicity and identify three key effects: the baryon asymmetry is modified by an <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal{O}(1)\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> factor due to (1) the gauge-invariant definition of the mixing angle and (2) the approximate conservation of the unconfined magnetic flux; (3) a novel non-perturbative process in the presence of magnetic flux, which has been overlooked in previous analyses. Our findings suggest that the previous estimation of baryon asymmetry from the magnetic helicity decay may have sizable uncertainties, and we caution against relying on it, calling for further investigation.</p>

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Symmetries of hot SM, magnetic flux baryogenesis from helicity decay

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • Yuta Hamada,
  • Kyohei Mukaida,
  • Fumio Uchida

摘要

We revisit the electroweak crossover of the Standard Model (SM) in the early Universe, focusing on the interplay between generalized global symmetries, magnetic flux dynamics, and baryogenesis. Employing the dimensionally reduced 3d effective field theory of the SM at high temperature, we identify the symmetry structure — including higher-form and magnetic symmetries — and analyze their spontaneous breaking patterns across the crossover. We further define a gauge-invariant mixing angle that interpolates between U(1)Y and U(1)em magnetic fields. Based on this framework, we examine baryogenesis via decaying magnetic helicity and identify three key effects: the baryon asymmetry is modified by an \(\mathcal{O}(1)\) factor due to (1) the gauge-invariant definition of the mixing angle and (2) the approximate conservation of the unconfined magnetic flux; (3) a novel non-perturbative process in the presence of magnetic flux, which has been overlooked in previous analyses. Our findings suggest that the previous estimation of baryon asymmetry from the magnetic helicity decay may have sizable uncertainties, and we caution against relying on it, calling for further investigation.